İnsan Haklarının Uluslararası Düzeyde Tarihsel Gelişimi
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Özet
Bu makale insan haklarının binlerce yılı kapsayan tarihsel gelişimiyle ilgili olarak yazılmıştır. İnsan haklarının tarihsel gelişimi bakımından geleneksel ve modern toplumların birbirlerinden ayırt edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bazı geleneksel toplumlarda insan hakları fikrini çağrıştıran çeşitli metinlerin varlığı bilinmekle beraber, bu metinlerdeki hakların devlete karşı ileri sürülmesi mümkün olmamıştır. Bu anlamıyla insan hakları, aydınlanmanın İskoç versiyonuna dayanan modern zamanlara ait bir düşüncedir. Aydınlanmanın İskoç versiyonu devlet iktidarı ve müdahalesine karşı bireysel özgürlüklerin önemini, eleştirel akıl yoluyla getirmiştir. Komünist, faşist ve Nazist totaliter rejimlerin işledikleri ciddi ve yaygın insan hakları ihlalleri, II. Dünya Savaşı esnasında vuku bulmuştur. II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra uluslararası toplum insan haklarına dayalı bir dünya düzeni inşa etmek istemiş ve bu amaçla çok sayıda bölgesel ve uluslararası insan hakları anlaşmaları imzalanmıştır. Böylece insan hakları daha evrensel ve geniş hale gelmiş, devlet işlemleri bakımindan temel bir meşruiyet kaynağı olmuştur. İnsan hakları bakımından ulaşılan bu olumlu nokta, binlerce yıldan oluşan tarihsel gelişimin son aşaması olarak düşünülmelidir.
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